摘要

       城市固体垃圾填埋场现在被认为是抗生素和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 的重要储存库。本研究调查了 34 年来从意大利北部四个 MSW 垃圾填埋场收集的 10 个渗滤液样本中抗生素耐药性的污染，包括 ARG 和移动遗传元件 (MGE)。在渗滤液中发现了抗生素 (0-434740 ng/L) 和 ARGs (5.56-6.85 × 105copies/μL)。发现测量的 ARGs 的丰度被分为两组，不同的垃圾填埋场随着填埋年龄的变化趋势不同。尽管意大利禁止或限制使用一些抗生素，但发现它们仍然存在于垃圾填埋场，并间接推动了 ARGs 的长期污染，表明抗生素耐药性的持续存在。此外，发现渗滤液中抗生素抗性的复杂性与抗生素、金属、微生物和 MGE 综合相关，表明 Mn、SMX 和 EFC 对 tetW、tetQ、tetM、tetA、ermB 的污染产生积极影响（p < 0.01）。和猫，为新的渗滤液做出了重要贡献。本研究讨论了欧洲使用抗生素最多的意大利渗滤液的 AR 污染，文献报道较少。我们的研究结果表明，垃圾填埋场抗生素耐药性的全面观点应结合垃圾填埋场的历史、抗生素的使用和垃圾填埋场的不同阶段，从“相对静态”和“动态跟踪”的角度来关注主要的抗生素耐药性渗滤液处理污染物，并提高对垃圾填埋场关闭后护理和垃圾填埋场开采的关注。

       Municipal solid waste landfill is now recognized as a significant reservoir of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study investigates the contamination of antibiotics resistance, in 10 leachate samples collected from four MSW landfills in north Italy spanning 34 years, including ARGs as well as mobile genetic element (MGEs). Antibiotics (0-434740 ng/L) and ARGs (5.56-6.85 × 105copies/μL leachate) were found in leachate. Abundances of the measured ARGs were found to be clustered into two groups with different changing tendencies with landfilling age in different landfills. Even though some antibiotics were banned or limited in Italy, they were found to still occur in landfills and drive the long-term contamination of ARGs indirectly, indicating the persistence of antibiotic resistance. What’s more, the complexity of antibiotic resistance in leachate was found to synthetically relate to antibiotics, metals, microbes and MGEs presenting that Mn, SMX and EFC influence positively (p < 0.01) the contamination of tetW, tetQ, tetM, tetA, ermB, and cat, contributing importantly in new leachate. This study discusses the AR pollution of leachate in Italy where antibiotics are used the most in Europe, less reported in literatures. Our results suggest that a full-scale view for landfill antibiotics resistance should be considered with history of landfills, use of antibiotics and different phase in landfills, with both “relative static” and “dynamic tracking” perspective to focus on the principal antibiotic-resistance pollutants for leachate treatment, and raise the attention for landfill post-closure care and landfill mining.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653520333798