摘要

       抗生素抗性细菌存在于大多数环境中，尤其是在高度人类化的水域中。人类活动（例如污染）与常驻细菌群落内抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和抗性基因（ARG）的传播和持久性之间的直接相关性越来越明显。此外，在这些环境中存在 ARB 和 ARG 对人类健康构成的威胁因抗性基因向人类病原体的水平基因转移风险而增加。尽管关于抗生素耐药性在水域中传播的知识正在增加，但对决定环境中抗生素耐药性选择的驱动因素的了解仍然很少。抗生素污染通常伴随着重金属（HMs）和其他化学物质的污染，这也可以促进耐药机制的发展，通常是通过共同选择多种耐药性。水体、沉积物和土壤中重金属抗性基因与ARGs的共同选择，增加了ARGs生态作用的复杂性，降低了防治行动的有效性。在这篇小型综述中，我们展示了关于抗生素和 HM 抗性及其在环境中的联系的最新研究，重点是 HM 污染和水生环境。我们回顾了 HMs 和/或 ARB 的传播和持久性，以及它如何影响它们各自的基因共同选择。在最后一章中，我们建议将奥尔塔湖作为一个研究地点，该系统的特点是 HM 污染严重，随后成功恢复了水体的化学成分，作为评估重度干扰中 HM 和抗生素耐药性的传播和选择的研究地点。环境。

Antibiotic resistant bacteria are found in most environments, especially in highly anthropized waters. A direct correlation between human activities (e.g., pollution) and spread and persistence of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARGs) within the resident bacterial communities appears more and more obvious. Furthermore, the threat posed for human health by the presence of ARB and ARGs in these environments is enhanced by the risk of horizontal gene transfer of resistance genes to human pathogens. Although the knowledge on the spread of antibiotic resistances in waters is increasing, the understanding of the driving factors determining the selection for antibiotic resistance in the environment is still scarce. Antibiotic pollution is generally coupled with contamination by heavy metals (HMs) and other chemicals, which can also promote the development of resistance mechanisms, often through co-selecting for multiple resistances. The co-selection of heavy metal resistance genes and ARGs in waters, sediments, and soils, increases the complexity of the ecological role of ARGs, and reduces the effectiveness of control actions. In this mini-review we present the state-of-the-art of the research on antibiotic- and HM-resistance and their connection in the environment, with a focus on HM pollution and aquatic environments. We review the spread and the persistence of HMs and/or ARB, and how it influences their respective gene co-selection. In the last chapter, we propose Lake Orta, a system characterized by an intensive HM pollution followed by a successful restoration of the chemistry of the water column, as a study-site to evaluate the spread and selection of HMs and antibiotic resistances in heavily disturbed environments.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301285152_Co-selection_of_antibiotic_and_heavy_metal_resistance_in_freshwater_bacteria