摘要

       近年来，抗生素已被用于人类和动物疾病的治疗、促进生长和预防，其消费量在全球范围内呈上升趋势。抗生素通常不能完全被身体代谢并被释放到水生环境中，在那里它们可能对非目标物种产生负面影响。本综述审查了最近对八种代表性抗生素（红霉素、甲氧苄啶、磺胺甲恶唑、四环素、土霉素、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星和阿莫西林）的研究。在最近的全球人类消费和兽医使用数据的支持下，提供了它们在地表水、地下水和污水中的浓度的详细概述。此外，我们审查了这些抗生素对不同生物群的生态毒性，并评估了对水生生物的环境风险。本综述讨论和比较了目前使用的生态毒理学生物测定的适用性，并确定了知识差距和未来的挑战。风险数据表明，选定的抗生素可能对水生环境构成威胁。当使用标准的生态毒理学生物测定法时，蓝藻是最敏感的生物。有必要进一步研究它们对水生生物的慢性影响和抗生素混合物的毒性，以充分了解这些抗生素存在的危害。

       In recent years, antibiotics have been used in the treatment, growth and prevention of human and animal diseases, and their consumption is on the rise globally. Antibiotics are usually not completely metabolized by the body and are released into the aquatic environment, where they may have a negative impact on non-target species. This review reviews recent studies of eight representative antibiotics (erythromycin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin). Supported by recent global human consumption and veterinary use data, a detailed overview of their concentration in surface water, groundwater, and sewage is provided. In addition, we reviewed the ecotoxicity of these antibiotics to different biological groups and assessed the environmental risks to aquatic organisms. This review discusses and compares the applicability of currently used ecotoxicological bioassays and identifies knowledge gaps and future challenges. Risk data indicate that the selected antibiotics may pose a threat to the aquatic environment. When using standard ecotoxicological bioassays, cyanobacteria are the most sensitive organisms. It is necessary to further study their chronic effects on aquatic organisms and the toxicity of antibiotic mixtures to fully understand the hazards of these antibiotics.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653520305440