摘要

      抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的全球传播严重破坏了抗生素的治疗效率，最终也破坏了抗微生物化疗的效率，并被传统地归因于抗生素的滥用和误用。然而，古老的ARGs在细菌生理学中具有交替功能，因此它们可能受到非抗生素条件的共同调节。最近的研究表明，许多非抗生素化学物质，如微塑料、金属纳米颗粒和非抗生素药物，以及一些非抗生素条件，可以加速ARGs的传播。这些结果表明，抗生素的作用以前可能被高估了，而非抗生素条件的影响可能被忽视了。因此，为了充分了解ARGs在生态系统中的命运和行为，迫切需要重点强调非抗生素化学物质和相关环境因素在ARGs传播中的作用和机制。为此，这篇及时的综述评估了ARGs的进化，特别是其功能的改变，总结了促进ARGs传播的非抗生素化学物质，评估了与ARG传播相关的非抗生素条件，并分析了非抗生素因素诱导的ARGs扩散相关的分子机制。最后，这篇综述为未来的研究提供了几个关键的视角。

Abstract
The global spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has wreaked havoc with the treatment efficiency of antibiotics and, ultimately, anti-microbial chemotherapy, and has been conventionally attributed to the abuse and misuse of antibiotics. However, the ancient ARGs have alterative functions in bacterial physiology and thus they could be co-regulated by non-antibiotic conditions. Recent research has demonstrated that many non-antibiotic chemicals such as microplastics, metallic nanoparticles and non-antibiotic drugs, as well as some non-antibiotic conditions, can accelerate the dissemination of ARGs. These results suggested that the role of antibiotics might have been previously overestimated whereas the effects of non-antibiotic conditions were possibly ignored. Thus, in an attempt to fully understand the fate and behavior of ARGs in the eco-system, it is urgent to critically highlight the role and mechanisms of non-antibiotic chemicals and related environmental factors in the spread of ARGs. To this end, this timely review assessed the evolution of ARGs, especially its function alteration, summarized the non-antibiotic chemicals promoting the spread of ARGs, evaluated the non-antibiotic conditions related to ARG dissemination and analyzed the molecular mechanisms related to spread of ARGs induced by the non-antibiotic factors. Finally, this review then provided several critical perspectives for future research.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135422010065