摘要
      重金属（HMs）污染通过共同选择提高了细菌中抗生素耐药性（AR）的表达。生物炭在堆肥中的应用提高了堆肥的有效性和堆肥的质量。这种改进包括消除和减少抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）。在受污染的土壤中使用生物炭会降低污染物的生物可及性和生物利用度，从而降低生物和环境毒性。污染物生物利用度的降低降低了污染物诱导的共选择压力。有利于减少HMs生物可利用部分（BF）的条件似乎有利于减少堆肥和土壤中的ARGs。生物炭可以阻止水平基因转移（HGT），并可以消除移动遗传元件（MGE）携带的ARGs。这种效应减少了ARG的维持和传播。厚壁菌门、变形菌门和放线菌门是被确定负责ARGs耗散、维持和繁殖的主要细菌门。2–10%的生物炭施用率对于消除ARGs是最好的。这篇综述深入了解了生物炭在防止AR的共同选择和减少中的作用，包括生物炭应用的挑战和未来的研究前景。
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) contamination raises the expression of antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria through co-selection. Biochar application in composting improves the effectiveness of composting and the quality of compost. This improvement includes the elimination and reduction of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). The use of biochar in contaminated soils reduces the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the contaminants hence reducing the biological and environmental toxicity. This decrease in contaminant bioavailability reduces contaminants induced co-selection pressure. Conditions which favour reduction in HMs bioavailable fraction (BF) appear to favour reduction in ARGs in compost and soil. Biochar can prevent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) and can eliminate ARGs carried by mobile genetic elements (MGEs). This effect reduces maintenance and propagation of ARGs. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria are the major bacteria phyla identified to be responsible for dissipation, maintenance, and propagation of ARGs. Biochar application rate at 2–10% is the best for the elimination of ARGs. This review provides insight into the usefulness of biochar in the prevention of co-selection and reduction of AR, including challenges of biochar application and future research prospects.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844022008313