摘要
      候鸟是与其肠道微生物相关的抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的主要来源和宿主。在本研究中，我们进行了宏基因组学分析，以研究在升津湖（SJ）和菜子湖（CZ）越冬的红脓杆菌的肠道微生物群落和ARGs。结果表明，细菌、真菌、病毒和古菌是肠道的主要微生物。主成分分析（PCA）表明，两个种群的微生物群组成存在显著差异。饮食可能是红脓杆菌肠道微生物群落的最关键驱动因素。该物种仅以盛金湖的Poceae spp.为食，主要以菜子湖的苔草属为食。四环素、大环内酯、氟喹诺酮、氯霉素和肽类抗生素是主要的耐药类型。升津湖样本中ARGs的操作分类单元（OTU）丰度明显高于采子湖样本。主成分分析表明，升津湖的大多数样本的肠道微生物群组成与采子湖的样本明显不同。两个湖泊样本之间肠道微生物群组成的这种差异归因于升津湖周围比采子湖更广泛的水产养殖和家禽养殖场。ARGs-微生物协会表明，在越冬的红脓杆菌中有24种细菌，通常用作监测工作中抗生素耐药性的指标。研究结果揭示了红脓杆菌肠道微生物群和ARGs的组成和结构特征，表明它们对两个湖泊的饮食习惯高度敏感。这项研究还为潜在有害病原体的风险预防和控制提供了初步数据，这些病原体可能危害公众健康，因此对流行病学和公共健康具有重要意义。
Abstract
Migratory birds are the primary source and reservoir of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) related to their gut microbes. In this study, we performed metagenomics analysis to study the gut microbial communities and ARGs of Anser erythropus wintering at Shengjin (SJ) and Caizi (CZ) Lakes. The results showed that bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea were the dominant gut microbes. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that the microbiota compositions significantly differed between the two populations. Diet may be the most crucial driver of the gut microbial communities for A. erythropus. This species fed exclusively on Poaceae spp. at Shengjin Lake and primarily on Carex spp. at Caizi Lake. Tetracycline, macrolide, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, and peptide antibiotics were the dominant resistant types. ARGs had a significantly higher abundance of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the Shengjin Lake samples than in Caizi Lake samples. PCA indicated that most Shengjin Lake samples significantly differed in gut microbiota composition from those obtained at Caizi Lake. This difference in gut microbiota composition between the two lakes' samples is attributed to more extensive aquaculture operations and poultry farms surrounding Shengjin Lake than Caizi Lake. ARGs–microbes associations indicated that 24 bacterial species, commonly used as indicators of antibiotic resistance in surveillance efforts, were abundant in wintering A. erythropus. The results revealed the composition and structural characteristics of the gut microbiota and ARGs of A. erythropus, pointing to their high sensitivities to diet habits at both lakes. This study also provides primary data for risk prevention and control of potential harmful pathogens that could endanger public health and therefore are of major significance to epidemiological and public health.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9868308/