摘要
      水生环境是抗生素耐药性向人类和动物转移的热点。几篇综述汇集了关于抗生素耐药性细菌（ARB）、抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）和抗生素化学残留物（ACRs）在食品、医院废水甚至其他水生环境中的存在和分布的研究工作。然而，这些报告主要集中在发达国家的数据上，而发展中国家，特别是非洲国家的数据只被少量讨论。这篇综述是第一次提取关于ARGs和ACRs在非洲水生环境中的存在和分布的信息（2012-2011）。这篇综述通过非洲大陆不同亚区域的视角，提供了关于非洲水生环境中ARB、ARGs和ACRs研究工作的关键信息。提供的图片与世界上其他一些大陆的图片进行了比较。事实证明，非洲的大型经济体（南非、尼日利亚、突尼斯、肯尼亚）都有一些关于水生环境中ARB和ARG的报告，而非洲大陆的小型经济体几乎无法提供关于水生环境的这些报告（在大多数情况下，没有发现报告），尽管他们有一些来自临床研究的耐药性报告。有趣的是，非洲水生环境中ARB和ARGs的报告频率表明，在提供这些污染物的信息方面，非洲大陆领先于南美大陆，但落后于欧洲和亚洲。在非洲水生环境中发现的常见ARGs编码对磺酰胺、四环素、β-内酰胺和大环内酯类抗生素的耐药性。还强调了非洲科学家在消除非洲水生环境中的ARB和ARGs方面所做的努力和研究。总的来说，本文件为科学家、政策制定者、政府和区域机构提供了关于非洲水生环境中ARB、ARGs和ACRs的可靠信息。希望本次审查中提供的信息将激励非洲水质部门的所有利益相关者做出一些必要的回应，以更加努力地提供ARB、ARGs、，并寻求更有效的方法来处理它们，以遏制抗生素耐药性在非洲大陆人群中的传播。这反过来又将使非洲大陆走上实现联合国可持续发展目标3和6的正确道路，而目前，非洲大陆大多数国家似乎在很大程度上错过了这两个目标。
Abstract
The aquatic environment is a hotspot for the transfer of antibiotic resistance to humans and animals. Several reviews have put together research efforts on the presence and distribution of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and antibiotic chemical residue (ACRs) in food, hospital wastewater, and even in other aquatic environments. However, these reports are largely focused on data from developed countries, while data from developing countries and especially those in Africa, are only marginally discussed. This review is the first effort that distills information on the presence and distribution of ARGs and ACRs in the African aquatic environments (2012–2021). This review provides critical information on efforts put into the study of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa through the lens of the different sub-regions in the continent. The picture provided is compared with those from some other continents in the world. It turns out that the large economies in Africa (South Africa, Nigeria, Tunisia, Kenya) all have a few reports of ARB and ARGs in their aquatic environment while smaller economies in the continent could barely provide reports of these in their aquatic environment (in most cases no report was found) even though they have some reports on resistomes from clinical studies. Interestingly, the frequency of these reports of ARB and ARGs in aquatic environments in Africa suggests that the continent is ahead of the South American continent but behind Europe and Asia in relation to providing information on these contaminants. Common ARGs found in African aquatic environment encode resistance to sulfonamide, tetracycline, β-lactam, and macrolide classes of antibiotics. The efforts and studies from African scientists in eliminating ARB and ARGs from the aquatic environment in Africa are also highlighted. Overall, this document is a ready source of credible information for scientists, policy makers, governments, and regional bodies on ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in aquatic environments in Africa. Hopefully, the information provided in this review will inspire some necessary responses from all stakeholders in the water quality sector in Africa to put in more effort into providing more scientific evidence of the presence of ARB, ARGs, and ACRs in their aquatic environment and seek more efficient ways to handle them to curtail the spread of antibiotic resistance among the population in the continent. This will in turn, put the continent on the right path to meeting the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals #3 and #6, which at the moment, appears to be largely missed by most countries in the continent.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749122009976