摘要
抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的迅速传播对人类健康构成了威胁。在此，系统地研究了生物炭（BC）对携带ARG的质粒通过转化水平转移到大肠杆菌的影响。BC能显著抑制ARGs的转化，且抑制程度随着热解温度的升高而增加。在相同的热解温度下，稻草来源的BC对ARGs的转化表现出比花生壳来源的BC更强的抑制作用。BC在低热解温度（300℃）下的抑制作用主要由BC的溶解引起，而在高热解温度（700℃）下主要归因于BC固体。BC的溶解可以诱导质粒的分子内缩合甚至凝聚，阻碍它们转化为有能力的细菌。BC溶解时细胞膜通透性略有降低，这也可能有助于抑制作用。等离子体可以被BC固体吸附，并且吸附随着BC热解温度的升高而增加。同时，吸附BC的质粒很难转化为大肠杆菌。BC固体还可以使大肠杆菌失活，从而抑制它们对ARGs的吸收。这些发现提供了一种使用BC来限制ARGs在环境中传播的方法。
Abstract
The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) has posed a risk to human health. Here, the effects of biochar (BC) on the horizontal transfer of ARG-carrying plasmids to Escherichia coli via transformation were systematically investigated. BC could significantly inhibit the transformation of ARGs and the inhibition degree increased with pyrolysis temperature. Rice straw-derived BC showed a stronger inhibitory effect on the transformation of ARGs than that of peanut shell-derived BC from the same pyrolysis temperature. The inhibitory effect of BC from low pyrolysis temperature (300 ℃) was mainly caused by BC dissolutions, while it was mainly attributed to BC solids for high pyrolysis temperature (700 ℃) BC. BC dissolutions could induce intramolecular condensation and even agglomeration of plasmids, hindering their transformation into competent bacteria. The cell membrane permeability was slightly decreased in BC dissolutions, which might also contribute to the inhibitory effect. Plasmid can be adsorbed by BC solids and the adsorption increased with BC pyrolysis temperature. Meanwhile, BC-adsorbed plasmid could hardly be transformed into E. coli. BC solids could also deactivate E. coli and thereby inhibit their uptake of ARGs. These findings provide a way using BC to limit the spread of ARGs in the environment.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S030438942102118X