摘要
      饮食不仅可以为肠道微生物群提供营养，还可以重塑它们。然而，目前尚不清楚饮食是否以及如何影响肠道微生物群中抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的传播。因此，我们选择了高糖、高脂肪、高蛋白和正常饮食来探索效果。结果表明，高糖、高脂肪和高蛋白饮食促进了外源性ARGs在肠道微生物群中的扩增和转移，并上调了trfAp和trbBp的表达，同时显著改变了肠道微生物群及其代谢产物。炎症相关产物与ARGs的传播密切相关，表明饮食重塑后的肠道微环境可能有利于ARGs传播。这可能归因于饮食诱导的炎症引起的细菌膜通透性、SOS反应以及细菌组成和多样性的变化。此外，通过流式细胞术筛选的受体细菌（合子）大多为变形杆菌、厚壁菌门和放线菌，并且大多数来源于通过饮食重塑的优势肠道细菌，这表明ARGs的转移与饮食密切相关，并且具有一定的选择性。宏基因组学结果表明，肠道耐药性基因组不仅会受到饮食的影响，还会受到外源性抗生素耐药性细菌（ARB）的影响。在饮食组中，许多ARG标记物与细菌标记物一致。因此，不同饮食中的优势细菌是特定饮食环境中ARGs的重要宿主，但存在的许多致病菌可能对人类健康造成严重危害。
ABSTRACT
Diet can not only provide nutrition for intestinal microbiota, it can also remodel them. However, is unclear whether and how diet affects the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the intestinal microbiota. Therefore, we employed selected high-sugar, high-fat, high-protein, and normal diets to explore the effect. The results showed that high-sugar, high-fat, and high-protein diets promoted the amplification and transfer of exogenous ARGs among intestinal microbiota, and up-regulated the expression of trfAp and trbBp while significantly altered the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites. Inflammation-related products were strongly correlated with the spread of ARGs, suggesting the intestinal microenvironment after diet remodeling might be conducive to the spreading of ARGs. This may be attributed to changes in bacterial membrane permeability, the SOS response, and bacterial composition and diversity caused by diet-induced inflammation. In addition, acceptor bacteria (zygotes) screened by flow cytometry were mostly Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and most were derived from dominant intestinal bacteria remodeled by diet, indicating that the transfer of ARGs was closely linked to diet, and had some selectivity. Metagenomic results showed that the gut resistance genome could be affected not only by diet, but by exogenous antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB). Many ARG markers coincided with bacterial markers in diet groups. Therefore, dominant bacteria in different diets are important hosts of ARGs in specific dietary environments, but the many pathogenic bacteria present may cause serious harm to human health.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19490976.2021.2022442