摘要
      随着原始环境中人类活动的压力越来越大，抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的全面分析对于评估这些研究不足的地方人类诱导的抗生素耐药性的潜在风险至关重要。在这里，我们使用基于智能芯片的高通量qPCR方法，对从青藏高原四个不同栖息地采集的相对原始的土壤样本中的微生物耐药性进行了表征。我们将这些土壤与同一栖息地的土壤进行了比较，这些土壤受到了各种人为活动的影响，包括住宅污水排放、畜牧业、大气沉积和旅游活动。与原始样本相比，在受人类影响的土壤中检测到的ARGs平均多23.7%，并且在这些土壤中富集的ARG主要编码对氨基糖苷类和β-内酰胺类的抗性。在研究的四个栖息地中，动物养殖的土壤显示出ARG富集和传播的最高风险。如图所示，在粪便污染的土壤中，富集的ARGs的数量（共42个）、它们的倍数变化（平均17.6倍）以及ARGs和可移动遗传元素之间的共生复杂性都是最高的。除了抗生素本身，重金属也影响了ARG在西藏环境中的分布模式。然而，与城市地区相比，青藏高原的ARG选择潜力较低，即使在受人类影响的环境中，移动遗传元件携带的ARG也较低，这表明这些ARG的传播能力有限。本研究考察了多种人为活动对相对原始环境中土壤抗性的影响。
Abstract
With increasing pressure from anthropogenic activity in pristine environments, the comprehensive profiling of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is essential to evaluate the potential risks from human-induced antibiotic resistance in these under-studied places. Here, we characterized the microbial resistome in relatively pristine soil samples collected from four distinct habitats on the Tibetan Plateau, using a Smart chip based high-throughput qPCR approach. We compared these to soils from the same habitats that had been subjected to various anthropogenic activities, including residential sewage discharge, animal farming, atmospheric deposition, and tourism activity. Compared to pristine samples, an average of 23.7% more ARGs were detected in the human-affected soils, and the ARGs enriched in these soils mainly encoded resistances to aminoglycoside and beta-lactam. Of the four habitats studied, soils subjected to animal farming showed the highest risks of ARG enrichment and dissemination. As shown, the number of ARGs enriched (a total of 42), their fold changes (17.6 fold on average), and the co-occurrence complexity between ARGs and mobile genetic elements were all the highest in fecal-polluted soils. As well as antibiotics themselves, heavy metals also influenced ARG distributional patterns in Tibetan environments. However, compared to urban areas, the Tibetan Plateau had a low potential for ARG selection and exhibited low carriage of ARGs by mobile genetic elements, even in environments impacted by humans, suggesting that these ARGs have a limited capacity to disseminate. The present study examined the effects of multiple anthropogenic activities on the soil resistomes in relatively pristine environments.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1001074221001595