摘要
      抗微生物耐药性（AMR）是全球公共卫生面临的重大问题之一。与其他水生环境相比，对地下水中AMR的研究很少。在这项研究中，使用2000-2001年期间从出版物中收集的抗生素浓度数据集和地下水样本的大规模宏基因组（n=330），进行了一项荟萃分析，以探索全球地下水中抗生素和抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的特征和风险。考虑多种抗生素的协同作用，采用混合风险商和浓度相加模型评估了抗生素在全球地下水中的生态毒理学风险。生物信息学注释在全球地下水中鉴定了1413个ARG，属于37种ARG类型，主要由利福霉素、聚酮和喹诺酮耐药基因主导，包括一些新出现的ARG，如mcr家族和碳青霉烯基因。相对而言，春季地下水中ARGs的水平显著高于河岸带、沙子和深层含水层的水平（ANOVA，p<0.01）。类似地，金属抗性基因（MRGs）在全球地下水中普遍存在，网络分析表明，在这种环境中，MRGs与ARGs呈现非随机共现。分类注释显示，变形菌门、放线菌门、真核菌门、酸杆菌门和Thaumarchaeota门是地下水中的优势门，微生物群落在很大程度上形成了环境中ARGs的分布。值得注意的是，ARGs与流动遗传元件、毒力因子和人类细菌病原体共存，表明ARGs在地下水中的潜在传播风险。此外，基于组学的方法被用于抗生素耐药性的健康风险评估，并在全球地下水中筛选出152个风险ARG。相比之下，春季和寒冷的小溪呈现出更高的风险指数，这对于确保供水安全更值得关注。
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the significant global issues to public health. Compared to other aquatic environments, research on AMR in groundwater is scarce. In the study, a meta-analysis was conducted to explore the characteristics and risks of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in global groundwater, using a data set of antibiotic concentrations collected from publications during 2000–2021 and a large-scale metagenomes of groundwater samples (n = 330). The ecotoxicological risks of antibiotics in the global groundwater were evaluated using mixture risk quotient with concentration addition model to consider the synergistic effects of multiple antibiotics. Bioinformatic annotations identified 1413 ARGs belonging to 37 ARG types in the global groundwater, dominated by rifamycin, polyketide, and quinolone resistance genes and including some emerging ARGs such as mcr-family and carbapenem genes. Relatively, the level of ARGs in the groundwater from spring was significantly higher (ANOVA, p < 0.01) than those from the riparian zone, sand and deep aquifer. Similarly, metal resistance genes (MRGs) were prevalent in the global groundwater, and network analysis suggested the MRGs presented non-random co-occurrence with the ARGs in such environments. Taxonomic annotations showed Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Eukaryota, Acidobacteria and Thaumarchaeota were the dominant phylum in the groundwater, and the microbial community largely shaped profile of ARGs in the environment. Notably, the ARGs presented co-occurrence with mobile genetic elements, virulence factors and human bacterial pathogens, indicating potential dissemination risk of ARGs in the groundwater. Furthermore, an omics-based approach was used for health risk assessment of antibiotic resistome and screened out 152 risk ARGs in the global groundwater. Comparatively, spring and cold creek presented higher risk index, which deserves more attention to ensure the safety of water supply.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004896972207615X