摘要
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抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）是全球污染物，对人类健康构成潜在风险。苯扎氯铵（C12）（BC）消毒剂被认为对抗生素耐药性施加选择压力。然而，缺乏BC引起土壤环境中抗生素耐药性变化的证据。在这里，我们建立了短期土壤微宇宙，使用高通量定量PCR和Illumina测序，研究了磺胺二甲嘧啶（SMZ，10 mg kg–1）和BC梯度浓度（0–100 mg kg–2）改良的农业土壤中ARG剖面动态。随着BC浓度的增加，土壤中检测到的ARG数量增加，但归一化的ARG丰度降低。增加的SMZ对ARG剖面的影响有限。与广谱杀菌剂BC相比，SMZ的特异性显著影响微生物群落。网络分析发现，中低BC暴露浓度导致土壤中形成小而强的ARG共生簇，而高BC暴露浓度则导致ARG的发生率更高。变异划分分析表明，BC应力是形成ARG剖面的主要驱动因素。总的来说，这项研究强调了BC诱导的ARGs的出现和传播，这可能导致农业土壤中的抗微生物耐药性问题。
Abstract
Abstract Image
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are global pollutants that pose a potential risk to human health. Benzalkonium chloride (C12) (BC) disinfectants are thought to exert selection pressure on antibiotic resistance. However, evidence of BC-induced changes in antibiotic resistance in the soil environment is lacking. Here, we established short-term soil microcosms to investigate ARG profile dynamics in agricultural soils amended with sulfamethazine (SMZ, 10 mg kg–1) and gradient concentrations of BC (0–100 mg kg–1), using high-throughput quantitative PCR and Illumina sequencing. With the increase in BC concentration, the number of ARGs detected in the soil increased, but the normalized ARG abundance decreased. The added SMZ had a limited impact on ARG profiles. Compared to broad-spectrum fungicidal BC, the specificity of SMZ significantly affected the microbial community. Network analysis found that low–medium BC exposure concentrations resulted in the formation of small but strong ARG co-occurrence clusters in the soil, while high BC exposure concentration led to a higher incidence of ARGs. Variation partitioning analysis suggested that BC stress was the major driver shaping the ARG profile. Overall, this study highlighted the emergence and spread of BC-induced ARGs, potentially leading to the antimicrobial resistance problem in agricultural soils.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.est.2c04730