摘要
      河流生态系统是水循环的重要组成部分，也是包括人类在内的许多生物的良好栖息地、食物和饮用水源。抗生素是新出现的污染物，可以从各种来源进入河流。各种研究项目已经在这些生态系统中检测到几种抗生素及其相关的抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs），这可能构成一个重大问题。抗生素和其他耐药性辅因子的存在可以促进河流中天然细菌染色体或移动遗传元件中ARGs的发展。环境细菌中的ARGs也可以转移到临床上重要的病原体。然而，目前负责控制水体质量的国家或国际当局都没有对抗生素及其耐药性基因进行监测。例如，它们不包括在《欧洲水框架指令》的污染物清单中，也不包括在美国污染物水质基准清单中。尽管ARG自然存在于环境中，但很少有研究将重点放在未受影响的河流上，以评估河流中的背景ARG水平，这可能为未来的环境监管和立法提供一些有用的指示。本研究综述了在河流中最常见的抗生素和相关ARG，包括用于评估的主要分析工具。此外，还讨论了其他可能增强抗生素耐药性的因素，如化学混合物的影响、气候变化的影响以及2019冠状病毒病大流行的潜在影响。《环境毒理学化学2022》；41:687–714。©2022 SETAC
Abstract
River ecosystems are very important parts of the water cycle and an excellent habitat, food, and drinking water source for many organisms, including humans. Antibiotics are emerging contaminants which can enter rivers from various sources. Several antibiotics and their related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been detected in these ecosystems by various research programs and could constitute a substantial problem. The presence of antibiotics and other resistance cofactors can boost the development of ARGs in the chromosomes or mobile genetic elements of natural bacteria in rivers. The ARGs in environmental bacteria can also be transferred to clinically important pathogens. However, antibiotics and their resistance genes are both not currently monitored by national or international authorities responsible for controlling the quality of water bodies. For example, they are not included in the contaminant list in the European Water Framework Directive or in the US list of Water-Quality Benchmarks for Contaminants. Although ARGs are naturally present in the environment, very few studies have focused on non-impacted rivers to assess the background ARG levels in rivers, which could provide some useful indications for future environmental regulation and legislation. The present study reviews the antibiotics and associated ARGs most commonly measured and detected in rivers, including the primary analysis tools used for their assessment. In addition, other factors that could enhance antibiotic resistance, such as the effects of chemical mixtures, the effects of climate change, and the potential effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:687–714. © 2022 SETAC

https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/etc.5289