摘要
      由于抗生素广泛使用的选择性压力，在人类宿主、植物和动物以及几乎所有的自然环境中都发现了抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）。它们在不同环境介质中的迁移和传播往往比抗生素本身更有害。ARGs主要通过各种可移动的遗传元件（MGE）在不同的微生物之间移动，如质粒和噬菌体。土壤环境被认为是地球表面微生物最活跃的生物圈，与人类活动密切相关。随着人类活动的增加，土壤越来越多地受到抗生素和ARGs的污染。土壤质粒在这一过程中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了ARGs在自然环境和不同抗生素选择压力下质粒介导的迁移和传播的现状，总结了目前质粒提取和分析的方法，并以F因子为例简要介绍了质粒剪接转移的机制。然而，随着耐药细菌在全球的传播增加，对MGE的了解也有所提高，土壤质粒对耐药基因传播的贡献需要进一步研究。耐多药细菌的流行也使有效预防耐药基因通过质粒细菌途径的传播成为主要的研究重点。
Abstract
Due to selective pressure from the widespread use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are found in human hosts, plants, and animals and virtually all natural environments. Their migration and transmission in different environmental media are often more harmful than antibiotics themselves. ARGs mainly move between different microorganisms through a variety of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as plasmids and phages. The soil environment is regarded as the most microbially active biosphere on the Earth’s surface and is closely related to human activities. With the increase in human activity, soils are becoming increasingly contaminated with antibiotics and ARGs. Soil plasmids play an important role in this process. This paper reviews the current scenario of plasmid-mediated migration and transmission of ARGs in natural environments and under different antibiotic selection pressures, summarizes the current methods of plasmid extraction and analysis, and briefly introduces the mechanism of plasmid splice transfer using the F factor as an example. However, as the global spread of drug-resistant bacteria has increased and the knowledge of MGEs improves, the contribution of soil plasmids to resistance gene transmission needs to be further investigated. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria has also made the effective prevention of the transmission of resistance genes through the plasmid-bacteria pathway a major research priority.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/11/4/525