摘要
      淡水环境容易受到抗生素、抗生素耐药性细菌（ABRs）和抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）的污染。污染物来自扩散源和点源，如地表径流、污水和沥滤。由于耐药致病菌株的增加和缺乏有效的抗生素治疗，ARBs和ARGs患病率的增加具有全球重要性，对公众健康有直接影响。在这种情况下，本研究的总体目标是验证水和沉积物样本中ARBs和ARGs的流行情况，评估若昂·雷特河的微生物质量。进行细菌培养（细菌计数、多管分析、细菌分离、细菌表型和抗体谱鉴定）和qPCR检测以鉴定ARGs。水的微生物质量不符合巴西现行立法，甚至不适合主要接触娱乐（洗澡和休闲），含有大量大肠杆菌和大肠杆菌。最孤立的门是变形杆菌门和厚壁菌门。ABRs对CFZ（头孢唑林）有62.64%的耐药性，对AMP（氨苄青霉素）有54.97%的耐药性，对于CLI（克林霉素）有47.56%的耐药性，而对于AMC（阿莫西林/克拉维酸）有45.05%的耐药性。31.79%的分离株存在多药耐药性。在本研究中，在所有水和沉积物样本中检测到ABRs，并存在一些抗生素耐药性基因。ARGs更多地出现在水样中，检测到编码对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和磺酰胺类耐药性的基因。在统计上检测到ARBs和ARGs之间的显著相关性，这表明人类活动与João Leite河中这些新出现的污染物（ARBs或ARGs）的存在有关，需要在这一领域进行持续的监测和研究。
Abstract
Freshwater environments are susceptible to contamination by antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria (ABRs) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Contaminants come from diffuse and point sources, such as surface runoff, sewage and leaching. The increase in the prevalence of ARBs and ARGs is of global importance, having a direct impact on public health, due to the increase in resistant pathogenic strains and the lack of effective antibiotic therapy. In this context, the general objective of this study was to verify the prevalence of ARBs and ARGs in water and sediment samples, evaluating the microbiological quality of the João Leite stream. Bacterial cultures (bacterial counting, multi-tube analysis, bacterial isolation, identification by bacterial phenotype and antibiogram) and qPCR test to identify ARGs were performed. The microbiological quality of the water is not in accordance with Brazil current legislation, being unsuitable even for primary contact recreation (bath and leisure), having a large amount of coliforms and E. coli. The most isolated phylum was Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. ABRs were 62.64% resistant to CFZ (Cefazolin), 54.97% resistant to AMP (ampicillin), 47.56% resistant to CLI (clindamycin) and 45.05% resistant to AMC (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid). Multidrug resistance was found in 31.79% of the isolates. Were detected ABRs in all water and sediment samples in this study, with the presence of some antibiotic resistance gene. ARGs were more found in water samples, with genes encoding resistance to β-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, fluoroquinolone, tetracyclines and sulfonamides being detected. Statistically significant correlations between ARBs and ARGs were detected, it is suggested that anthropogenic activities are related to the presence of these emerging contaminants (ARBs and ARGs) in the João Leite stream, requiring constant monitoring and research in this area.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2215153222000484