摘要
      抗生素的大规模使用和释放可能会对抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs）产生选择性压力，对人类健康造成潜在危害。长期以来，河流生态系统一直被认为是抗生素和ARGs的储存库。因此，研究了赤水河干流和支流地表水中抗生素和ARGs的分布特征和季节变化。旱季和雨季的抗生素浓度分别为54.18–425.74 ng/L和66.57–256.40 ng/L，沿河流方向逐渐降低。旱季和雨季的抗生素结果表明，赤水河流域地表水的主要来源是畜禽养殖。风险评估表明，两个季节的OFL风险水平都很高。此外，对ARGs和微生物群落多样性的分析表明，sul1和sul3是这两个季节的主要ARGs。ARGs的最高丰度为7.70×107拷贝/L，intl1与所有抗性基因均呈显著正相关（p<0.01），表明其能显著促进ARGs传播。变形杆菌是地表水中的主要微生物，旱季（60.64%）的平均丰度高于雨季（39.53%）。最后，对ARGs与抗生素、微生物群落和重金属之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明，ARGs与大多数微生物和重金属之间存在显著的正相关（p<0.01），表明环境中的发生和传播受到各种环境因素和交叉选择的影响。总之，ARGs的持久残留和传播及其向病原体的转移对人类健康构成了巨大威胁，值得进一步研究和关注。
Abstract
The large-scale use and release of antibiotics may create selective pressure on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), causing potential harm to human health. River ecosystems have long been considered repositories of antibiotics and ARGs. Therefore, the distribution characteristics and seasonal variation in antibiotics and ARGs in the surface water of the main stream and tributaries of the Chishui River were studied. The concentrations of antibiotics in the dry season and rainy season were 54.18–425.74 ng/L and 66.57–256.40 ng/L, respectively, gradually decreasing along the river direction. The results of antibiotics in the dry season and rainy season showed that livestock and poultry breeding were the main sources in the surface water of the Chishui River basin. Risk assessments indicated high risk levels of OFL in both seasons. In addition, analysis of ARGs and microbial community diversity showed that sul1 and sul3 were the main ARGs in the two seasons. The highest abundance of ARGs was 7.70 × 107 copies/L, and intl1 was significantly positively correlated with all resistance genes (p < 0.01), indicating that it can significantly promote the transmission of ARGs. Proteobacteria were the dominant microorganisms in surface water, with a higher average abundance in the dry season (60.64 %) than in the rainy season (39.53 %). Finally, correlation analyses were performed between ARGs and antibiotics, microbial communities and heavy metals. The results showed that there was a significant positive correlation between ARGs and most microorganisms and heavy metals (p < 0.01), indicating that occurrence and transmission in the environment are influenced by various environmental factors and cross-selection. In conclusion, the persistent residue and transmission of ARGs and their transfer to pathogens are a great threat to human health and deserve further study and attention.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722045703