摘要
      水生生态系统极易受到人为活动的影响。然而，目前尚不清楚这些生态系统中的微生物组是如何应对压力干扰事件的。我们研究了世界上最大的矿难（巴西，2015年）在扰动后390天内对两条扰动河流和一条未扰动河流沉积物微生物组的影响。病毒群和微生物组以及抗生素和金属耐药性的多样性和结构在受干扰和未受干扰的河流之间始终存在差异，特别是在受干扰后的第7天。预测了684种不同的ARG，其中38%仅限于受扰动的河流。关键抗生素抗性基因（ARGs），如mcr和ereA2，在受干扰的微生物群中明显更常见。401种不同的ARGs与流动遗传元素（MGE）有关，95%发生在受干扰的河流中。虽然质粒是最常见的MGE，具有广泛的ARGs，横跨16个抗生素类，但整合偶联元件（ICEs）和整合子分别传播与氨基糖苷和四环素、氨基糖苷和β-内酰胺相关的ARGs。第7天，在受干扰的微生物群中发现1类整合子、ICEs和病原体的相对丰度显著增加，与未受干扰的河流相比，分别高出72倍、14倍和3倍。与ESKAPEE组病原体相关的移动ARGs，而非致病宿主中的金属抗性基因和毒力因子基因在所有微生物群中占主导地位。网络分析显示，在受干扰的社区中，ARGs高度互联，包括针对最后手段抗生素的基因。铜和β-内酰胺/氨基糖苷类/大环内酯类抗性基因之间的相互作用，主要是可移动的和关键的，也被揭示。我们得出的结论是，泥浆海啸导致了耐药性的扩大、病原体的富集以及混杂和流动ARG的增加。从“同一健康”的角度来看，矿业公司需要朝着更环保、更负社会责任的采矿实践迈进，以降低与病原体、关键和移动ARG相关的风险。
Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic activities. However, it remains unclear how the microbiome responds to press disturbance events in these ecosystems. We examined the impact of the world's largest mining disaster (Brazil, 2015) on sediment microbiomes in two disturbed rivers compared to an undisturbed river during 390 days post-disturbance. The diversity and structure of the virulome and microbiome, and of antibiotic and metal resistomes, consistently differed between the disturbed and undisturbed rivers, particularly at day 7 post-disturbance. 684 different ARGs were predicted, 38% were exclusive to the disturbed rivers. Critical antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), e.g., mcr and ereA2, were significantly more common in the disturbed microbiomes. 401 different ARGs were associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), 95% occurred in the disturbed rivers. While plasmids were the most common MGEs with a broad spectrum of ARGs, spanning 16 antibiotic classes, integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) and integrons disseminated ARGs associated with aminoglycoside and tetracycline, and aminoglycoside and beta-lactam, respectively. A significant increase in the relative abundance of class 1 integrons, ICEs, and pathogens was identified at day 7 in the disturbed microbiomes, 72-, 14- and 3- fold higher, respectively, compared with the undisturbed river. Mobile ARGs associated with ESKAPEE group pathogens, while metal resistance genes and virulence factor genes in nonpathogenic hosts predominated in all microbiomes. Network analysis showed highly interconnected ARGs in the disturbed communities, including genes targeting antibiotics of last resort. Interactions between copper and beta-lactam/aminoglycoside/macrolide resistance genes, mostly mobile and critical, were also uncovered. We conclude that the mud tsunami resulted in resistome expansion, enrichment of pathogens, and increases in promiscuous and mobile ARGs. From a One Health perspective, mining companies need to move toward more environmentally friendly and socially responsible mining practices to reduce risks associated with pathogens and critical and mobile ARGs.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721060149