摘要
      在农业、兽医和医疗实践中使用抗菌药物对环境微生物群施加了选择性压力，促进了抗微生物耐药性（AMR）的出现和传播，这是“一个健康倡议”工作组（OHITF）在全球范围内关注的问题。蜜蜂已被研究为环境中AMR的生物指示剂，但对蜂蜜和花粉等蜂巢产品知之甚少。本研究的目的是评估AMR基因（ARG）在蜂窝产品中的流行率，并调查其起源。具体而言，研究了不同蜂蜜和花粉样本的ARGs、微生物群和其他特征之间的可能关联，包括原产国、花朵类型、商业分布类型和环境因素，如土地利用、天气和蜂箱周围环境的组成。我们发现蜂房产品含有ARGs，对β-内酰胺类、大环内酯类、（氟）喹诺酮类和多粘菌素具有耐药性。大多数样品对多种抗菌药物具有耐药性，蜂蜜和花粉的ARG谱相似。即使乳杆菌属和不动杆菌属在蜂蜜和花粉的微生物群落中很常见，但芽孢杆菌、梭菌和炸弹菌定义了蜂蜜微生物群，而假单胞菌和弧菌在花粉中富集。ErmB和blaTEM-1与乳杆菌和果杆菌共存，而β-内酰胺类和大环内酯类与人类环境（即工业和商业区以及非灌溉耕地）之间存在正相关。总之，我们的研究结果表明，蜂蜜和花粉中的ARGs可能来源于蜜蜂的觅食环境，蜂窝产品可以用作AMR环境污染的生物指标。
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in agricultural, veterinary and medical practice exerts selective pressure on environmental microbiota, promoting the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a global concern for the One Health Initiative Task Force (OHITF). Honeybees have been studied as bioindicators of AMR in the environment, but little is known about beehive products like honey and pollen. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of AMR genes (ARGs) in beehive products and investigated their origins. Specifically, possible associations between ARGs, microbiota and other characteristics of different honey and pollen samples, including country of origin, flower type, type of commercial distribution and environmental factors, such as land use, weather and composition of the environment surrounding the beehives were investigated. We found that beehive products harboured ARGs conferring resistance to β-lactams, macrolides, (fluoro)quinolones and polymyxins. Most samples possessed resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes, with honey and pollen showing similar ARG profiles. Even if Lactobacillus and Acinetobacter genera were common in the microbial communities of both honey and pollen, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Bombella defined honey microbiota, while Pseudomonas and Vibrio were enriched in pollen. ErmB and blaTEM-1 co-occurred with Lactobacillus and Fructobacillus, while positive associations between β-lactams and macrolides and anthropogenic environments (i.e. industrial and commercial areas and non-irrigated arable lands) were found. Altogether, our findings suggest that ARGs in honey and pollen might originate from the honeybee foraging environment, and that the beehive products can be used as bioindicators of the AMR environmental contamination.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721062094