摘要
      抗微生物耐药性是一个日益严重的公共卫生问题，需要在人类、农业和环境部门之间采取综合方法。然而，很少有研究同时涉及这三个组成部分。我们调查了五种抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）和1类整合子基因（intI1）在从受住宅化粪池系统和土地施用奶牛粪便影响的脆弱含水层取水的私人水井中的发生情况。样本（n=138）是从威斯康星州基瓦内县的私人水井随机样本中收集的，为期四个季节。ARGs和intI1的测量与人和牛粪便特有的微生物源追踪（MST）标记物有关；它们还与代表土地利用、降雨、水文地质和油井建设的54个污染风险因素有关。ARGs和intI1发生在5%-40%的样本中，具体取决于目标。在没有人和牛MST标记物的情况下，ARGs和intI1的检测频率最低（1%-30%），当与人和牛标记物共同存在时最高（11%-78%），当仅与一种类型的MST标记共同存在时中等（4%-46%）。与农田相比，基因靶点更常与化粪池系统密度相关，这可能是因为景观中粪便的存在不同。通过确定混合土地使用的农村环境中ARG的流行率，可以评估人类和牛粪便来源的相对贡献。由于粪便来源与ARG的发生率相似，如果考虑这两种来源，旨在减少ARG发生的干预措施可能是最有效的。
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health problem that requires an integrated approach among human, agricultural, and environmental sectors. However, few studies address all three components simultaneously. We investigated the occurrence of five antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the class 1 integron gene (intI1) in private wells drawing water from a vulnerable aquifer influenced by residential septic systems and land-applied dairy manure. Samples (n = 138) were collected across four seasons from a randomized sample of private wells in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin. Measurements of ARGs and intI1 were related to microbial source tracking (MST) markers specific to human and bovine feces; they were also related to 54 risk factors for contamination representing land use, rainfall, hydrogeology, and well construction. ARGs and intI1 occurred in 5%–40% of samples depending on target. Detection frequencies for ARGs and intI1 were lowest in the absence of human and bovine MST markers (1%–30%), highest when co-occurring with human and bovine markers together (11%–78%), and intermediate when co-occurring with just one type of MST marker (4%–46%). Gene targets were associated with septic system density more often than agricultural land, potentially because of the variable presence of manure on the landscape. Determining ARG prevalence in a rural setting with mixed land use allowed an assessment of the relative contribution of human and bovine fecal sources. Because fecal sources co-occurred with ARGs at similar rates, interventions intended to reduce ARG occurrence may be most effective if both sources are considered.

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jeq2.20443