摘要

随着越来越多的国家从事有意或无意的水回用，迫切需要更全面地评估造成的环境和公共卫生问题。抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）越来越受到关注，作为新兴污染物，现有的水回用法规和指南并未充分解决这些问题。这篇观点文件试图确定需要解决的各种挑战，以确定水回用抗生素耐药基准的有意义和现实的目标类型和水平。首先，需要标准化和商定的方法来识别和量化ARB和ARG。其次，即使有方法学可用，确定哪些ARB和ARG需要监测哪些与疾病负担的发生最为相关仍然是未知的。第三，迫切需要一个专门用于评估ARB和ARG在再利用期间相关风险的框架。第四，类似于保护饮用水源，需要通过污水处理和再利用来防止ARB和ARG传播的策略，以确保适当的屏障被安置。最后，目前的废水处理技术可从修改或改造中受益，从而更有效地去除ARB和ARGs，同时生产高质量的水和资源回收产品。这篇观点文件强调了在评估水再利用的整体安全方面和实现这一目标的方式时需要考虑ARB和ARG。

As more countries engage in water reuse, either intended or de facto, there is an urgent need to more comprehensively evaluate resulting environmental and public health concerns. While antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are increasingly coming under the spotlight, as emerging contaminants, existing water reuse regulations and guidelines do not adequately address these concerns. This perspectives paper seeks to frame the various challenges that need to be resolved to identify meaningful and realistic target types and levels of antibiotic resistance benchmarks for water reuse. First, there is the need for standardized and agreed-upon methodologies to identify and quantify ARB and ARGs. Second, even if methodologies are available, identifying which ARB and ARGs to monitor that would best relate to the occurrence of disease burden remains unknown. Third, a framework tailored to assessing the risks associated with ARB and ARGs during reuse is urgently needed. Fourth, similar to protecting drinking water sources, strategies to prevent dissemination of ARB and ARGs via wastewater treatment and reuse are required to ensure that appropriate barriers are emplaced. Finally, current wastewater treatment technologies could benefit from modification or retrofit to more effectively remove ARB and ARGs while also producing a high quality product for water and resource recovery. This perspectives paper highlights the need to consider ARB and ARGs when evaluating the overall safety aspects of water reuse and ways by which this may be accomplished.

http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/10/3/244/htm