摘要
      抗微生物耐药性是对人类、动物和环境健康的全球性威胁。在养猪生产中，抗菌剂和氧化锌等重金属通常用于治疗和预防疾病。然而，抗菌剂和重金属对猪耐药性组成的影响以及影响这种耐药性的因素尚不完全清楚。确定不同样本类型中是否存在抗微生物耐药性基因的技术进步，使人们能够更全面地了解耐药性组及其影响其组成的因素。这篇综述的目的是更好地了解抗菌药物和重金属的使用对养猪场抗菌药物耐药性的发展和传播的影响。此外，本综述旨在确定可能影响猪耐药性的其他因素。使用PubMed（NCBI）、Scopus（Elsevier）和Web of Science（Clarivate Analytics）数据库的系统方法，鉴定了使用高通量测序或定量PCR方法来检测抗微生物耐药性与抗微生物和重金属使用之间联系的相关文献。总共发现了247份独特的记录，28份出版物被确定为有资格纳入本次审查。基于这些，有明确的证据表明，使用抗菌药物和重金属与猪的抗菌药物耐药性呈正相关。此外，还报道了赋予抗微生物耐药性的基因与可移动遗传元件、微生物组和病毒组的关联，这些关联进一步受到宿主、环境或治疗本身的影响。
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to human, animal, and environmental health. In pig production, antimicrobials and heavy metals such as zinc oxide are commonly used for treatment and prevention of disease. Nevertheless, the effects of antimicrobials and heavy metals on the porcine resistome composition and the factors influencing this resistance profile are not fully understood. Advances in technologies to determine the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in diverse sample types have enabled a more complete understanding of the resistome and the factors which influence its composition. The aim of this review is to provide a greater understanding of the influence of antimicrobial and heavy metal usage on the development and transmission of antimicrobial resistance on pig farms. Furthermore, this review aims to identify additional factors that can affect the porcine resistome. Relevant literature that used high-throughput sequencing or quantitative PCR methods to examine links between antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial and heavy metal use was identified using a systematic approach with PubMed (NCBI), Scopus (Elsevier), and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) databases. In total, 247 unique records were found and 28 publications were identified as eligible for inclusion in this review. Based on these, there is clear evidence that antimicrobial and heavy metal use are positively linked with antimicrobial resistance in pigs. Moreover, associations of genes conferring antimicrobial resistance with mobile genetic elements, the microbiome, and the virome were reported, which were further influenced by the host, the environment, or the treatment itself.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13567-023-01143-3