摘要

已知益生菌具有固有的和可移动的遗传元件，赋予对各种抗生素的抗性。它们在膳食补充剂中的高含量可以在人类肠道中建立抗生素抗性基因库。这些抗性基因可以转移到共享相同肠道栖息地的病原体，从而导致严重的临床后果。虽然来自食物，人类和动物来源的益生菌对抗生素抗性已得到充分记载，但膳食补充剂中益生菌的抗性谱仅最近才被研究。由于健康声称包括改善肠道健康和免疫反应以及预防急性和抗生素相关的腹泻和癌症，这些产品会随着规律性的增加而消耗;但缺乏抗病基因对人类健康传播的全面风险评估。在这里，我们强调最近关于从膳食补充剂中分离出的益生菌抗生素抗性的报道，并提出了补充策略，可以阐明在全球广泛存在的抗生素抗性背景下消费这些产品的风险。伴随着对益生菌补充剂中抗生素抗性的更广泛的筛选，使用计算机模拟，活体成像和功能基因组学来获取关于益生菌的进化行为，适应性和动力学方面的知识，所述益生菌研究条件最佳代表人类肠道，包括存在的抗生素。其基本目标是使益生菌的健康益处以负责任的方式被开发，并且对人类健康风险最小。

Probiotic bacteria are known to harbor intrinsic and mobile genetic elements that confer resistance to a wide variety of antibiotics. Their high amounts in dietary supplements can establish a reservoir of antibiotic resistant genes in the human gut. These resistant genes can be transferred to pathogens that share the same intestinal habitat thus resulting in serious clinical ramifications. While antibiotic resistance of probiotic bacteria from food, human and animal sources have been well-documented, the resistant profiles of probiotics from dietary supplements have only been recently studied. These products are consumed with increasing regularity due to their health claims that include the improvement of intestinal health and immune response as well as prevention of acute and antibiotic-associated diarrhea and cancer; but, a comprehensive risk assessment on the spread of resistant genes to human health is lacking. Here, we highlight recent reports of antibiotic resistance of probiotic bacteria isolated from dietary supplements, and propose complementary strategies that can shed light on the risks of consuming such products in the context of a global widespread of antibiotic resistance. In concomitant with a broader screening of antibiotic resistance in probiotic supplements is the use of computational simulations, live imaging and functional genomics to harvest knowledge on the evolutionary behavior, adaptations and dynamics of probiotics studied in conditions that best represent the human gut including in the presence of antibiotics. The underlying goal is to enable the health benefits of probiotics to be exploited in a responsible manner and with minimal risk to human health.

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00908/full