摘要

由于合成聚合物的广泛使用和耐用性，塑料碎屑出现在全球的环境中。在目前的工作中，对水生和陆地环境中微粒弹性颗粒的来源和命运以及它们的摄取和影响，主要在水生生物中的信息进行了综述。环境中的微塑料来源于各种来源。通常缺乏关于这些来源的相关性的定量信息，但首先估计表明较大的塑料物品和含有合成聚合物的材料的磨损和碎裂可能是最相关的。微塑料被摄取，并且大部分由许多水生生物迅速排泄。到目前为止，没有明确的生物累积或生物放大的证据。在实验室研究中，大量微塑料的摄入主要导致食物摄取减少，从而减少能量储备和对其他生理功能的影响。根据评估数据，影响海水生物暴露的最低微观塑性浓度远高于海水中测量的水平。在通过沉积物暴露的蚯蚓中，在微观弹性水平观察到的效应高于潮下沉积物中的水平，但与海滩沉积物中的最大水平相同。疏水性污染物在微塑料上富集，但可用的实验结果和建模方法表明，微塑料吸附污染物的转移不可能对这些污染物的生物累积作出显着贡献。在能够全面评估微塑料引起的可能的环境风险之前，需要填补一些知识缺陷。但是，鉴于环境中微塑料的持久性，在某些环境场所测得的高浓度以及浓度急剧增加的趋势，塑料在环境中的释放应该在广泛的全球努力中减少，无论环境风险。

Due to the widespread use and durability of synthetic polymers, plastic debris occurs in the environment worldwide. In the present work, information on sources and fate of microplastic particles in the aquatic and terrestrial environment, and on their uptake and effects, mainly in aquatic organisms, is reviewed. Microplastics in the environment originate from a variety of sources. Quantitative information on the relevance of these sources is generally lacking, but first estimates indicate that abrasion and fragmentation of larger plastic items and materials containing synthetic polymers are likely to be most relevant. Microplastics are ingested and, mostly, excreted rapidly by numerous aquatic organisms. So far, there is no clear evidence of bioaccumulation or biomagnification. In laboratory studies, the ingestion of large amounts of microplastics mainly led to a lower food uptake and, consequently, reduced energy reserves and effects on other physiological functions. Based on the evaluated data, the lowest microplastic concentrations affecting marine organisms exposed via water are much higher than levels measured in marine water. In lugworms exposed via sediment, effects were observed at microplastic levels that were higher than those in subtidal sediments but in the same range as maximum levels in beach sediments. Hydrophobic contaminants are enriched on microplastics, but the available experimental results and modelling approaches indicate that the transfer of sorbed pollutants by microplastics is not likely to contribute significantly to bioaccumulation of these pollutants. Prior to being able to comprehensively assess possible environmental risks caused by microplastics a number of knowledge gaps need to be filled. However, in view of the persistence of microplastics in the environment, the high concentrations measured at some environmental sites and the prospective of strongly increasing concentrations, the release of plastics into the environment should be reduced in a broad and global effort regardless of a proof of an environmental risk.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y