摘要
在水环境中无处不在的微塑料（MPS）的存在和持久性是特别值得关注的，因为它们对海洋生物和生态系统的威胁越来越大。根据世界各地的地理位置，已经观察到了野外样品中的浓度和/或量的巨大差异。报道的主要类型有聚乙烯、聚丙烯和聚苯乙烯。MPS在海洋野生动物中的存在已经在许多研究中集中在不同组织中的摄取和积累，而MPS在该领域中的生物学效应的研究是稀缺的。如果MPS的性质和丰度/浓度在野外样品中未被系统地确定，这是由于从环境样品中鉴定MPS需要掌握和执行几个步骤和技术。由于这个原因，并且由于取样技术和样品制备的不同，很难比较已发表的研究。

大多数实验室实验都是以MP浓度高于现场发现的MP浓度进行的。因此，在暴露的生物体中观察到的摄取和相关效应对应于大的污染物应力，其不模仿自然环境。中等污染物仅由一种具有精确尺寸和均匀形状的聚合物产生，而在场的MPS则是多种类型、大小和形状的塑料的混合物。此外，在海洋环境中产生的MPS可以被生物体定植，并构成对环境中不容易重现的许多有机化合物的吸附支持。测定MPS对生物体的机械和化学作用仍然是一个具有挑战性的研究领域。在潜在的化学效应中，有必要区分那些与聚合物性质相关的那些由于有机化合物的吸附/解吸。

The ubiquitous presence and persistency of microplastics (MPs) in aquatic environments are of particular concern since they represent an increasing threat to marine organisms and ecosystems. Great differences of concentrations and/or quantities in field samples have been observed depending on geographical location around the world. The main types reported have been polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. The presence of MPs in marine wildlife has been shown in many studies focusing on ingestion and accumulation in different tissues, whereas studies of the biological effects of MPs in the field are scarce. If the nature and abundance/concentrations of MPs have not been systematically determined in field samples, this is due to the fact that the identification of MPs from environmental samples requires mastery and execution of several steps and techniques. For this reason and due to differences in sampling techniques and sample preparation, it remains difficult to compare the published studies.

Most laboratory experiments have been performed with MP concentrations of a higher order of magnitude than those found in the field. Consequently, the ingestion and associated effects observed in exposed organisms have corresponded to great contaminant stress, which does not mimic the natural environment. Medium contaminations are produced with only one type of polymer of a precise sizes and homogenous shape whereas the MPs present in the field are known to be a mix of many types, sizes and shapes of plastic. Moreover, MPs originating in marine environments can be colonized by organisms and constitute the sorption support for many organic compounds present in environment that are not easily reproducible in laboratory. Determination of the mechanical and chemical effects of MPs on organisms is still a challenging area of research. Among the potential chemical effects it is necessary to differentiate those related to polymer properties from those due to the sorption/desorption of organic compounds.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749115302499