摘要

  抗生素耐药性是目前对人类健康的最大威胁之一。 全球过度使用人类医学和农业中的抗生素已导致多种抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的增殖和传播。尽管在农业中使用了很大比例的抗生素，但很少有人知道这可能会导致整体抗生素耐药性危机。在农业中使用粪肥是一种传统而广泛的做法，对于将营养物质返回土壤至关重要; 然而，连续施用粪肥对环境微生物组和抗逆转录组的影响尚不清楚。在治疗和亚治疗剂量的畜牧业中使用抗生素对动物的肠道微生物组中的ARG产生选择性压力，然后在粪便中排泄。因此，将粪肥施用于农田是将抗生素抗性细菌从牲畜传播到农作物、动物和人类的潜在途径。了解ARG富集背后的机制及其对植物和土壤微生物组内的维持以减轻这种对动物和人类的抗性的传播至关重要。了解人类健康，动物健康，植物健康与环境之间的这种联系对于实施有关农业和粪肥应用中抗生素使用的新法规和实践的关键至关重要，旨在确保抗生素耐药性危机不会加剧。

  Abstract
       Antibiotic resistance is currently one of the greatest threats to human health. The global overuse of antibiotics in human medicine and in agriculture has resulted in the proliferation and dissemination of a multitude of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Despite a large proportion of antibiotics being used in agriculture, little is understood about how this may contribute to the overall antibiotic resistance crisis. The use of manure in agriculture is a traditional and widespread practice and is essential for returning nutrients to the soil; however, the impact of continuous manure application on the environmental microbiome and resistome is unknown. The use of antibiotics in animal husbandry in therapeutic and sub-therapeutic doses creates a selective pressure for ARGs in the gut microbiome of the animal, which is then excreted in the faeces. Therefore, the application of manure to agricultural land is a potential route for the transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria from livestock to crops, animals and humans. It is of vital importance to understand the mechanisms behind ARG enrichment and its maintenance both on the plant and within the soil microbiome to mitigate the spread of this resistance to animals and humans. Understanding this link between human health, animal health, plant health and the environment is crucial to inform implementation of new regulations and practice regarding antibiotic use in agriculture and manure application, aimed at ensuring the antibiotic resistance crisis is not aggravated.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30783015