摘要

      生活垃圾，从污水和污泥到城市固体废物，通常在生物处理系统中处理。这些系统被认为是环境中抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）水平升高的主要途径。本文主要综述了近年来废水生物处理系统中ARGs的发生和动态，并从微生物群落的角度探讨了ARG的传播规律。我们的分析表明，抗生素的浓度通过吸附在微生物聚集体上触发细菌获得精氨酸，而精氨酸的存在可以通过移动的遗传元素来促进。值得注意的是，在快速传播过程中，精氨酸的获取和流动是为了整个微生物群落的最大利益，并受周围营养水平、毒物类型和该物种在主要抗生素胁迫条件下的敏感性的影响。此外，我们的综述认为，噬菌体对携带ARG的细菌的捕食确实周期性地增强了ARGs对细菌的可及性，从而间接地促进了ARGs进入环境微生物群落。

        Domestic wastes, ranging from sewage and sludge to municipal solid waste, are usually treated in bioprocessing systems. These systems are regarded as main conduits for the elevated levels of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) observed in the environment. This paper mainly reviews recent studies on the occurrence and dynamics of ARGs in wastewater bio-treatment systems and discusses the ins and outs of ARG dissemination from the perspective of the microbial community. Our analysis shows that concentration of antibiotics through adsorption to microbial aggregates triggers the bacteria to acquire ARGs, which can be facilitated by the presence of mobile genetic elements. Notably, the acquisition and flow of ARGs during the rapid dissemination process is directed towards and for the best interests of the microbial community as a whole, and is influenced by surrounding nutrient levels, toxicant types, and sensitivities of the species in the prevailing antibiotic-stressed conditions. Furthermore, our review argues that predation of ARG-carrying bacteria by bacteriophages does periodically enhance the accessibility of ARGs to bacteria, which indirectly facilitates the recruitment of ARGs into environmental microbial communities.

         https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00253-017-8665-y