摘要

    回顾了世界范围内市政污水处理厂（WWTP）中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（ARG）和抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）的发生和命运。总结，分析和评估了污水处理厂不同时期（1999-2009年和2010-2019年）和地理区域（欧洲，美洲，亚洲和非洲）中抗生素的流行情况。大环内酯类（克拉霉素，红霉素/红霉素-H2O，阿奇霉素，罗红霉素），磺胺类药物（磺胺甲恶唑），甲氧苄氨嘧啶，喹诺酮类药物（氧氟沙星，环丙沙星，诺氟沙星）和四环素（大多数为四环素） blaTEM），sul（sul1，sul2），tet（tetO，tetQ，tetW）和ermB基因是WWTP中常见的ARG。除β-内酰胺类抗生素和bla基因外，在污水处理厂中通常检测到的抗生素和ARG之间存在正相关。尽管由于水解而很少检测到β-内酰胺类抗生素，但经常发现bla基因。亚洲国家在2010-2019年期间的大多数抗生素水平低于北美和欧洲国家在1999-2009年期间的水平。在二次处理的废水中，甲氧苄啶浓度最高（中位值为138 ng / L），其他抗生素的浓度仍低于80 ng / L，而ARGs的相对丰度为2.9–4.6 log（份） / mL（中位数）。建议对有效的抗生素去除技术（例如高级氧化工艺）的发展进行进一步的研究，以集中于污水处理厂中经常检测到的抗生素及其相应的ARG。

    The occurrence and fate of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) worldwide were reviewed. The prevalence of antibiotics in WWTPs among different periods (1999–2009 and 2010–2019) and geographical areas (Europe, America, Asia and Africa) was summarized, analyzed and evaluated. The classes of macrolides (clarithromycin, erythromycin/erythromycin-H2O, azithromycin, roxithromycin), sulfonamides (sulfamethoxazole), trimethoprim, quinolones (ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin) and tetracyclines (tetracycline) were the antibiotics most frequently detected, while bla (blaCTXM, blaTEM), sul (sul1, sul2), tet (tetO, tetQ, tetW) and ermB genes were the ARGs commonly reported in WWTPs. There was a positive correlation between antibiotics and ARGs commonly detected in WWTPs, except for β-lactam antibiotics and bla genes. The genes bla were found frequently, despite β-lactam antibiotics were seldom detected owing to the hydrolysis. Most of antibiotics had lower levels in the period 2010–2019 in Asian countries than that in period 1999–2009 in North American and European countries. In the effluent of secondary treatment, the concentration of trimethoprim was the highest (138 ng/L in median) and the concentration of other antibiotics remained at lower than 80 ng/L, while the relative abundance of ARGs ranged 2.9–4.6 logs (copies/mL, in median). Future researches on the development of effective antibiotic removal technologies, such as advanced oxidation processes, are suggested to focus on antibiotics frequently detected and their corresponding ARGs in WWTPs.

    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720345265