摘要

  抗生素耐药性是全球医疗保健系统面临的最大挑战。由于抗生素抗性基因 (ARGs) 在粪便中脱落，许多研究都集中在废水如何导致河流中的 ARG 污染。然而，不受处理废水影响的小型城市溪流和沐浴水虽然可能是 ARG 的重要蓄水池，但很少受到关注。本研究的主要目的是评估 ARG 和粪便污染对城市小溪流和沐浴水的影响程度，并确定这些污染物之间是否存在关系。一年来，每两个月从两条城市溪流和都柏林市的三个指定沐浴水域收集水样。还对接收处理过的废水的 Liffey Estuary 进行了采样。 sul1、tet(O)、qnrS、blaTEM、blaSHV 和 blaCTX-M ARG 被量化。大肠杆菌和肠道肠球菌水平被确定，粪便污染源（人、狗、海鸥）通过微生物源追踪量化。我们的研究结果表明，利菲河口、城市溪流和沐浴水域受到 ARG 和人类粪便的高度影响。利菲河口所有研究的粪便指标与 ARG 之间存在明显的相关性。在城市河流中，仅观察到一些 ARG 和粪便指标的关系，这可能是污水不连续泄漏和溢出到河流的结果。同样，只有一些 ARG 与城市沐浴水中的粪便指标相关。当我们检测到零星的狗和海鸥粪便标记物时，沐浴水中 ARG 的来源可能是多方面的。这项研究表明，城市小溪流和沐浴水是 ARG 的蓄水池，它们可能构成以前未被认识到的公共卫生风险，因为它们有可能传播肠道病原体和抗生素耐药性决定因素。

   Antibiotic resistance represents the greatest challenge to healthcare systems around the world. As antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are shed in faeces, many studies have focused on how wastewater effluent contributes to ARG pollution in rivers. However, small urban streams and bathing waters not impacted by treated wastewater have received little attention though they may be important reservoirs of ARGs. The main objective of this study was to assess the extent to which ARG and faecal pollution impact small urban streams and bathing waters and to determine if there is a relationship between these contaminants. For one year, bi-monthly water samples were collected from two urban streams and Dublin city's three designated bathing waters. The Liffey Estuary, that receives treated wastewater, was also sampled. The sul1, tet(O), qnrS, blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M ARGs were quantified. E. coli and intestinal enterococci levels were determined and the source of faecal pollution (human, dog, gull) quantified by microbial source tracking. Our results show that the Liffey Estuary, the urban streams and the bathing waters are highly impacted by ARGs and human faeces. There were clear correlations between all of the studied faecal indicators and ARGs in the Liffey Estuary. In the urban streams relationships were observed for only some of the ARGs and faecal indicators, which is likely a result of non-continuous sewage leaks and overflows to the streams. Similarly, only some ARGs correlated with faecal indicators in the urban bathing waters. The source of ARGs in the bathing waters is likely to be multifaceted as we detected sporadic dog and gull faecal markers. This study demonstrates that small urban streams and bathing waters are reservoirs of ARGs and that they may pose a previously unrecognised public health risk as they have the potential to transmit enteric pathogens and antibiotic resistance determinants.

  https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969720337633