摘要

       抗生素治疗是 20 世纪最重要的医学进步之一，是抗击传染病的宝贵资源。然而，它的治疗用途与抗生素抗性细菌的出现有关。有许多自然发生的方式使易感细菌对抗生素产生抗药性，包括通过染色体突变和/或水平基因转移。后者在很大程度上（尽管不是唯一）负责通过结合、转化和转导等各种过程产生抗生素抗性细菌 。
转导是一种遗传交换机制，它由独立复制的细菌病毒（称为噬菌体或噬菌体）介导 [2]。尽管已经在临床相关的细菌物种中证明了通过转导获得抗微生物药物耐药性，但尚未充分探索环境环境中的这种机制。然而，高通量测序等尖端基因组技术最近在我们对噬菌体对抗生素抗性基因 (ARG) 传播的贡献的理解方面取得了重大进展。因此，本文将描述当前关于环境中抗生素耐药性的出现和传播的知识，特别强调噬菌体在 ARG 动员中的作用。了解抗生素耐药性的来源和机制对于制定有效策略以减少其对公共和环境健康的影响至关重要。

Antibiotic therapy represents one of the most important medical advances of the 20th century and is a valuable resource in combating infectious diseases. Its therapeutic use, however, has been associated with the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. There are many naturally occurring ways in which susceptible bacteria become resistant to antibiotics, including by chromosomal mutations and/or horizontal gene transfer. The latter is largely, although not exclusively, responsible for the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria through various processes such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction .
Transduction is a mechanism of genetic exchange, which is mediated by independently replicating bacterial viruses called bacteriophages, or phages [2]. Although the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance by transduction has been demonstrated in clinically relevant bacterial species, this mechanism in environmental settings has not been fully explored. However, cutting-edge genomic technologies such as high-throughput sequencing have recently led to significant advances in our understanding of the contribution of phages to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This article will, therefore, describe the current knowledge on the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment, with special emphasis on the role of phages in the mobilization of ARGs. Understanding sources and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance is critical for developing effective strategies for reducing their impact on public and environmental health.
https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004219