摘要

       本研究调查了过去几十年日内瓦湖（瑞士）不同地区沉积物剖面的粪便指示菌 (FIB)、多重抗生素抗性 (MAR) 和抗生素抗性基因 (ARG)。 MAR 包括将可培养的大肠杆菌 (EC) 和肠球菌 (ENT) 暴露于混合的五种抗生素，包括氨苄西林、四环素、阿莫西林、氯霉素和红霉素。进行独立培养以评估负责 β-内酰胺（blaTEM；阿莫西林/氨苄西林）、链霉素/壮观霉素 (aadA)、四环素 (tet) 氯霉素 (cmlA) 和万古霉素 (van) 的 ARG 的分布。细菌培养显示，在 1970 年代日内瓦湖富营养化后沉积的沉积物中，MARs 与五种抗生素的百分比分别为可培养的 EC 和 ENT 总量的 0.12% 至 4.6% 和 0.016% 至 11.6%。在这些富含有机物细菌污染的沉积物中，EC 和 ENT 对 FIB 的 blaTEM 抗性分别从 22% 到 48% 和 16% 到 37% 不等，而对 EC、ENT、和所有样本的总 DNA。所有沉积物样品都扩增了 aadA 抗性基因，包括那些不受污水处理厂出水影响的样品。我们的研究结果表明，随着日内瓦湖文化富营养化，被污水处理厂流出物污染的沉积物中细菌 MARs 和 ARGs 高度增加。因此，人类引起的湖沼条件变化极大地增强了沉积物中的微生物活动，并在这种水生环境中传播了抗生素抗性细菌和基因，用于在人口稠密地区供应饮用水。此外，所有研究样本中抗生素抗性基因 aadA 的存在表明，至少自 19 世纪后期以来，这种新兴污染物在淡水沉积物中的区域性传播。

       This study investigated fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in sediment profiles in different areas of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) over the past few decades. MAR includes exposing cultivable Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus (ENT) to a mix of five antibiotics, including ampicillin, tetracycline, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin. Perform independent cultures to evaluate the responsible beta-lactam (blaTEM; amoxicillin/ampicillin), streptomycin/spectinomycin (aadA), tetracycline (tet), chloramphenicol (cmlA), and vancomycin (van) Distribution of ARG. Bacterial culture showed that in the sediments deposited after the eutrophication of Lake Geneva in the 1970s, the percentages of MARs and the five antibiotics were 0.12% to 4.6% and 0.016% to 11.6% of the total cultivable EC and ENT, respectively. In these sediments rich in organic matter and bacterial contamination, the blaTEM resistance of EC and ENT to FIB ranged from 22% to 48% and 16% to 37%, respectively, while for EC, ENT, and the total DNA of all samples. The aadA resistance gene was amplified in all sediment samples, including those that were not affected by the effluent from the sewage treatment plant. Our research results show that with the eutrophication of Lake Geneva culture, bacterial MARs and ARGs in sediments contaminated by sewage treatment plant effluents are highly increased. Therefore, human-induced changes in lake and marsh conditions have greatly enhanced the microbial activities in the sediments and spread antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in this aquatic environment for the supply of drinking water in densely populated areas. In addition, the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aadA in all research samples indicates that this emerging pollutant has spread regionally in freshwater sediments since at least the late 19th century.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653511010927