摘要
      在过去的几十年里，由于人类和兽医对药物的过度消费，世界各地微生物的抗微生物耐药性（AR）大幅上升，预计这一趋势将加剧。许多令人担忧的研究结果表明，AR池的出现与人类活动和环境因素直接相关。自然环境中AR的增加主要与人类活动有关。城市设施的运营，如污水处理厂或垃圾填埋场，以及沼气厂、农业和农业实践，包括动物生产和粪肥的土地应用，极大地刺激了AR的传播。这些活动通过传播对抗菌产品具有耐药性的细菌（ARB）和抗生素耐药性基因（ARGs），对公众健康构成风险。此外，低抑制浓度的抗微生物物质还使微生物群落和抗性体易受这些微污染物渗透的特定环境的变化的影响。关于ARGs的命运、其传播以及ARGs现象与人类活动相关的复杂性，目前的知识状况不足。这篇综述总结了关于AR在环境中的最新知识，特别是关注AR在人类成因改变的环境中的传播和相关的环境后果。
Abstract
Over the past few decades, due to the excessive consumption of drugs in human and veterinary medicine, the antimicrobial resistance (AR) of microorganisms has risen considerably across the world, and this trend is predicted to intensify. Many worrying research results indicate the occurrence of pools of AR, both directly related to human activity and environmental factors. The increase of AR in the natural environment is mainly associated with the anthropogenic activity. The dissemination of AR is significantly stimulated by the operation of municipal facilities, such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) or landfills, as well as biogas plants, agriculture and farming practices, including animal production and land application of manure. These activities entail a risk to public health by spreading bacteria resistant to antimicrobial products (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Furthermore, subinhibitory concentrations of antimicrobial substances additionally predispose microbial consortia and resistomes to changes in particular environments that are permeated by these micropollutants. The current state of knowledge on the fate of ARGs, their dissemination and the complexity of the AR phenomenon in relation to anthropogenic activity is inadequate. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art knowledge on AR in the environment, in particular focusing on AR spread in an anthropogenically altered environment and related environmental consequences.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/19/19/12853