摘要
      病原体中抗生素耐药性的传播或抗生素耐药性基因的存在是全球公认的对人类健康的威胁。许多研究表明，施用有机肥料可能会增加ARGs的风险，然而，与生物肥料相关的抗性基因的风险在很大程度上是未知的。为了研究生物肥料的施用是否会将ARGs引入土壤，我们使用高通量定量聚合链式反应（HT-qPCR）在中国不同地点的三个果园中探讨了生物肥料施用三年对土壤ARGs的影响。冗余分析显示，不同处理（施肥与不施肥）之间土壤细菌和真菌的β多样性存在特定且显著的差异。单向方差分析显示，肥料和对照处理之间微生物群落结构显著差异的主要驱动因素是施用生物肥料后土壤性质的变化。在生物肥料和土壤样品中分别检测到来自11个主要类群的139个ARGs和27个MGE（移动遗传元素），以及46个ARGs6个MGE。只有广西的样本在受精和对照之间的ARGs和MGE检测数量上有显著差异。通过结构方程建模（SEM），我们发现土壤性质通过塑造细菌多样性间接影响ARG，而细菌丰度直接影响ARG。由于土壤环境的复杂性以及外源微生物和本地微生物之间的竞争，施用生物肥料并没有显著改变土壤中ARGs的相对丰度。这项研究通过生物肥料的应用为土壤中抗生素耐药性的传播提供了新的见解。
Abstract
Spread of antibiotic resistance or the presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in pathogens is a globally recognized threat to human health. Numerous studies have shown that application of organic fertilizers may increase the risk of ARGs, however, the risk of resistance genes associated with biofertilizers is largely unknown. To investigate whether biofertilizer application introduces ARGs to the soil, we used high-throughput quantitative polymerization chain reaction (HT-qPCR) to explore the effect of biofertilizer application over three years on soil ARGs in three orchards with different locations in China. Redundancy analysis showed specific and significant differences in the beta diversity of soil bacteria and fungi between treatments (fertilizer vs. no fertilizer). One-way ANOVA analysis revealed findings of the main driver of the significant difference in microbial community structure between fertilizer and control treatment was the change in soil properties following the application of biofertilizer. A total of 139 ARGs and 27 MGEs (mobile genetic elements), and 46 ARGs and 6 MGEs from 11 major taxa were detected in biofertilizer and soil samples, respectively. Only the samples from Guangxi had significant differences in the detected number of ARGs and MGEs between fertilization and control. Through structural equation modeling (SEM), we found that soil properties indirectly affected ARGs by shaping bacterial diversity, while bacterial abundance directly affected ARGs. Biofertilizer application did not significantly alter the relative abundance of ARGs in soil due to the complexity of the soil environment and competition between exogenous and native microorganisms. This study provided new insights into the spread of the antibiotic resistome of the soil through biofertilizer applications.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722002601