摘要
出身背景
抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）威胁着生态可持续性和人类健康，尤其是豆河水库的饮用水水源，这些水源在人类直接使用和动植物生态中心中具有重要意义。尽管抗生素和ARGs在水库中的污染已有报道，但仅研究ARGs丰度和多样性的变化（增加或减少）没有实际意义，更重要的是探索这些变化影响ARGs的机制。因此，本研究全面研究了ARGs、移动遗传元件（MGE）和细菌群落的空间和季节的发生和流行特征。
后果
在56个样本中检测到263个ARG（9种类型的ARG）和51个MGE亚型，ARG、MGE的时空分布特征和细菌群落组成存在显著差异。此外，还定义了ARG、细菌群落、MGE和环境因素之间的相关性，并确定了豆河水库沉积物与ARG亚型、细菌属和MGE亚型相关的共现模式不同。
结论
总之，ARGs普遍存在于豆河水库的水和沉积物中，多药、氨基糖苷类和大环内酯-林可酰胺-链脲菌素B（MLSB）是ARGs的主要类型。细菌属和环境因素[如温度（T）、硝酸盐-氮（NO–3–N）、总溶解氮（TDN）和总磷（TP）]显著影响ARGs的分布模式。总体而言，本研究揭示了ARGs在典型水库饮用水源中的时空变化和传播机制，为确保水源安全提供了线索。
Abstract
Background
Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) threaten ecological sustainability and human health, especially the drinking water sources of the Douhe Reservoir, which have critical significance amid their direct use by people and the ecological hub of flora and fauna. Although antibiotics and ARGs pollution in reservoirs have been reported, it is of no practical significance to only study the changes (increase or decrease) of the abundance and diversity of ARGs, and it is more important to explore the mechanisms of the changes affecting ARGs. Thus, the occurrence and prevalence characterizations of the spatial and seasonal of the ARGs, mobile genetic elements (MGEs) and bacterial communities were comprehensively studied in present study.

Results
263 ARG (nine types of ARGs) and 51 MGE subtypes were detected in 56 samples, and the characteristics of the temporal and spatial distribution of ARGs, MGEs and the composition of bacterial communities were significantly different. Moreover, the correlation among the ARGs, bacterial communities, MGEs and environmental factors were defined, and the co-occurrence patterns associated with ARG subtypes, bacterial genera, and MGE subtypes between water and sediment of the Douhe Reservoir were different.

Conclusions
In summary, ARGs were ubiquitous presence in water and sediment of the Douhe Reservoir, and the multidrug, aminoglycoside and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB) were main types of ARGs. Bacterial genera and the environmental factors [such as temperature (T), nitrate–nitrogen (NO– 3–N), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), and total phosphorus (TP)] significantly affected the distribution pattern of ARGs. Overall, this research revealed the spatiotemporal change and transmission mechanisms of ARGs in the typical drinking water sources of reservoirs, which will supply clues to ensure the safety of water sources.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12302-022-00635-x