摘要
      海水养殖中越来越多地使用饲料和药物可能会对环境造成负面影响，如栖息地改变、微生物疾病发展和抗生素耐药性。在这里，我们调查了中国海南省石斑鱼养殖系统中抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的污染以及微生物群落的组成。结果显示，在六种石斑鱼培养系统中检测到了以氟喹诺酮类和四环素类为主的各种抗生素残留。石斑鱼海水养殖水中检测到的抗生素浓度显著高于原始海水中的抗生素浓度。在海水养殖水和/或沉积物中检测到的一些抗生素，如恩诺沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、土霉素和红霉素，会带来很高的耐药性选择风险。磺酰胺类抗性基因sul1和sul2在水和沉积物中占主导地位，而四环素抗性基因在鱼鳃和肠道中占主导。水中和沉积物中的优势细菌门是拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门，而鱼鳃和肠道中的优势菌门是变形菌门。核心微生物群中的弧菌属和分枝杆菌属是重要的人畜共患病原体，弧菌和ARGs之间存在显著的正相关。变形菌门、放线菌门和蓝细菌门的菌门与ARGs呈正相关，表明这些微生物是ARGs的潜在宿主。与抗生素耐药性和人类疾病相关的微生物组的假定功能在鱼类中显著高于在海水养殖环境中。这项研究表明，海水养殖系统是ARGs的宿主，在海水养殖中使用抗生素可能会导致抗生素耐药性的增加和机会性病原体的流行。
Abstract
Increasing use of feed and medicine in mariculture could cause negative environmental impacts such as habitat modification, microbial disease development and antibiotic resistance. Here we investigated contamination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and composition of microbial community in grouper mariculture systems in Hainan province, China. Results showed detection of various antibiotic residues with the dominance of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in the six grouper cultivation systems. The concentrations of the detected antibiotics in the grouper mariculture water were significantly higher than those in the original seawater. Some of the detected antibiotics such as enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, oxytetracycline and erythromycin in the mariculture water and/or sediment would pose high resistance selection risks. Sulfonamides resistance genes sul1 and sul2 were found to be predominant in water and sediment, while tetracycline resistance genes were prevalent in fish gill and gut. The dominant bacterial phyla in water and sediments were Bacteroides, Actinomycetes, and Proteobacteria, while the dominant ones in fish gill and gut were the Proteobacteria. Genera of Vibrio and Mycobacterium in the core microbiota were important zoonotic pathogens, and there was a significant positive correlation between Vibrio and ARGs. Phyla of Proteobacteria, Actinomyces, and Cyanobacteria were positively correlated to ARGs, indicating that these microorganisms are potential hosts of ARGs. The putative functions of microbiome related to antibiotic resistance and human diseases were significantly higher in fish than in the mariculture environment. This study suggests that mariculture system is a reservoir of ARGs, and the use of antibiotics in mariculture could induce the increase of antibiotic resistance and the prevalence of opportunistic pathogens.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969721071187