摘要
      在本研究中，使用下一代测序方法确定了牛粪和家禽粪便对土壤和作物中抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的定量和定性组成以及与抗生素抗性相关的环境流动性的影响。这项研究的目的是对粪肥进行宏基因组分析，以估计ARGs和细菌耐药性载体传播到施肥土壤和作物的风险。家禽粪便（555ppm）中ARGs的总拷贝数几乎是牛粪（140ppm）的四倍，在施肥土壤中也注意到了这种关系。家禽粪便在补充后立即引起土壤环境中ARGs浓度的增加（196.4ppm）远大于牛粪（137.8ppm）。家禽粪便的施用导致编码对四环素类抗生素（9%）、氨基糖苷类抗生素（3.5%）、磺酰胺类抗生素（3%）、杆菌肽（2%）、氯霉素（2%）和大环内酯类林可酰胺链菌素抗生素（1%）的抗性的基因丰度最高。重金属在环境中比抗生素更能促进抗生素耐药性。抗生素对维持ARGs多样性的影响大于增加其在土壤中的丰度。大量的插入序列（IS），包括与ESKAPEE病原体群体中ARGs的移动性相关的插入序列，被引入到带有粪便的土壤中。这些IS在长达几个月的时间内保持稳定，这表明粪便，特别是家禽粪便，显著增加了ARG快速转移到环境中的风险。粪肥在很大程度上也有助于增加从作物中分离的细菌宏基因组中的抗性组和移动性组的多样性。变形杆菌门的细菌似乎在人类和动物食用作物中多种ARG的传播中发挥着重要作用。
Abstract
In this study, the impact of bovine and poultry manure on the quantitative and qualitative composition of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the environmental mobilome associated with antimicrobial resistance in soil and crops was determined with the use of next generation sequencing methods. The aim of the study was to perform a metagenomic analysis of manure to estimate the risk of the transmission of ARGs and bacterial drug resistance carriers to fertilized soil and crops. The total copy number of ARGs was nearly four times higher in poultry manure (555 ppm) than in bovine manure (140 ppm), and this relationship was also noted in fertilized soil. Poultry manure induced a much greater increase in the concentrations of ARGs in the soil environment (196.4 ppm) than bovine manure (137.8 ppm) immediately after supplementation. The application of poultry manure led to the highest increase in the abundance of genes encoding resistance to tetracyclines (9%), aminoglycosides (3.5%), sulfonamides (3%), bacitracin (2%), chloramphenicol (2%), and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics (1%). Heavy metals were stronger promoters of antibiotic resistance in the environment than antibiotics. Antibiotics exerted a greater influence on maintaining the diversity of ARGs than on increasing their abundance in soil. Large quantities of insertion sequences (IS), including those associated with the mobility of ARGs in the population of ESKAPEE pathogens, are introduced to soil with manure. These IS remain stable for up to several months, which indicates that manure, in particular poultry manure, significantly increases the risk of rapid ARG transfer to the environment. Manure also largely contributes to an increase in the diversity of the resistome and mobilome in the metagenome of bacteria isolated from crops. Bacteria of the phylum Proteobacteria appear to play a major role in the transmission of multiple ARGs in crops grown for human and animal consumption.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972107220X