摘要：
      纳米颗粒（NP）和抗生素抗性元素在废水中普遍存在，因此在接收环境中也普遍存在。亚致死水平的工程NP可能会对废水处理厂中抗生素抗性基因（ARG）的繁殖造成选择性压力。相反，新兴的NP被设计为基于特殊的物理和电化学特性自然衰减ARGs，这可以缓解ARGs向环境的传播。NP和抗生素耐药性元件之间的复杂相互作用提高了人们对阐明潜在的积极和消极影响的兴趣。这篇综述的重点是NP和ARGs的性质，以及它们的相互作用如何增加或降低废水处理厂和接收环境中的抗生素耐药性。此外，还讨论了亚致死水平NP促进ARGs水平基因转移和提高诱变率的潜力，这为对抗与废水管理相关的抗生素耐药性增加了一层复杂性。值得注意的是，文献显示，工程NPs的亚致死暴露可能通过增加细胞膜通透性来促进ARGs的偶联转移。渗透性的增强是通过NP附着的直接损伤和通过产生活性氧（ROS）的间接损伤以及引起与结合相关的遗传变化的结果。最后，为这一新兴领域确定了当前的知识空白和未来的研究方向（例如，破译NP在环境中的命运和检查NP的长期细胞毒性）。
Abstract:
Nanoparticles (NPs) and antibiotic resistance elements are ubiquitous in wastewater and consequently, in receiving environments. Sub-lethal levels of engineered NPs potentially result in a selective pressure on antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) propagation in wastewater treatment plants. Conversely, emergent NPs are being designed to naturally attenuate ARGs based on special physical and electrochemical properties, which could alleviate dissemination of ARGs to the environment. The complex interactions between NPs and antibiotic resistance elements have heightened interest in elucidating the potential positive and negative implications. This review focuses on the properties of NPs and ARGs and how their interactions could increase or decrease antibiotic resistance at wastewater treatment plants and in receiving environments. Further, the potential for sub-lethal level NPs to facilitate horizontal gene transfer of ARGs and increase mutagenesis rates, which adds a layer of complexity to combatting antibiotic resistance associated with wastewater management, is discussed. Notably, the literature revealed that sub-lethal exposure of engineered NPs may facilitate conjugative transfer of ARGs by increasing cell membrane permeability. The enhanced permeability is a result of direct damage via NP attachment and indirect damage by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causing genetic changes relevant to conjugation. Finally, current knowledge gaps and future research directions (e.g., deciphering the fate of NPs in the environment and examining the long-term cytotoxicity of NPs) are identified for this emerging field.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0013935121016741