摘要
      牲畜生产中的抗菌药物使用与抗微生物耐药性（AMR）的出现和传播有关，但对牲畜分离株中抗微生物耐药性变化的大规模研究仍然很少。在这里，我们对20世纪70年代至2019年在中国收集的982份动物源性大肠杆菌样本进行了全基因组序列分析，发现每个分离株的AMR基因（ARG）数量翻了一番，包括那些对兽医（氟苯尼考和诺氟沙星）和人类医学（粘菌素、头孢菌素和美罗培南）至关重要的药物产生耐药性的基因。不亲和群IncC、IncHI2、IncK、IncI和IncX的质粒在过去50年中显著增加，成为ARG传播的高效载体。使用同一类甚至不相关的抗菌药物，可以共同选择携带多种共存ARG的可移动遗传元件。因此，迫切需要禁止或严格限制牲畜使用抗菌药物，以减少AMR日益严重的威胁。
Abstract
Antimicrobial use in livestock production is linked to the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), but large-scale studies on AMR changes in livestock isolates remain scarce. Here we applied whole-genome sequence analysis to 982 animal-derived Escherichia coli samples collected in China from the 1970s to 2019, finding that the number of AMR genes (ARGs) per isolate doubled—including those conferring resistance to critically important agents for both veterinary (florfenicol and norfloxacin) and human medicine (colistin, cephalosporins and meropenem). Plasmids of incompatibility groups IncC, IncHI2, IncK, IncI and IncX increased distinctly in the past 50 years, acting as highly effective vehicles for ARG spread. Using antimicrobials of the same class, or even unrelated classes, may co-select for mobile genetic elements carrying multiple co-existing ARGs. Prohibiting or strictly curtailing antimicrobial use in livestock is therefore urgently needed to reduce the growing threat from AMR.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-022-00470-6