摘要
      水和环境卫生是中低收入国家出现抗微生物耐药性的重要因素。药物残留物、金属和各种废物在可移动遗传元件（MGE）的帮助下促进了抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的传播，因此，接收来自多种来源的污染物和废水的河流特别令人感兴趣。我们追踪了印度尼西亚Code河的微生物组和耐药性，从其原始起源于默拉皮火山，经过农村和城市地区，一直到印度洋沿岸。我们使用带有382对引物的SmartChip定量PCR来分析耐药组和MGE，并使用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序来分析细菌群落。社区结构解释了农村地区的耐药性组成，而城市采样点的细菌多样性较低，ARG较多，这与MGE相关，表明在应对人类活动的压力时，流动潜力增加。重要的是，绝大多数ARG和MGE在海洋入口处的海水中已无法检测到。我们的工作提供了不同影响因素对河流健康影响的信息，并阐明了土地利用如何促进河流抵抗力和微生物组。
Abstract
Water and sanitation are important factors in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries. Drug residues, metals, and various wastes foster the spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) with the help of mobile genetic elements (MGEs), and therefore, rivers receiving contaminants and effluents from multiple sources are of special interest. We followed both the microbiome and resistome of the Code River in Indonesia from its pristine origin at the Merapi volcano through rural and then city areas to the coast of the Indian Ocean. We used a SmartChip quantitative PCR with 382 primer pairs for profiling the resistome and MGEs and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to analyze the bacterial communities. The community structure explained the resistome composition in rural areas, while the city sampling sites had lower bacterial diversity and more ARGs, which correlated with MGEs, suggesting increased mobility potential in response to pressures from human activities. Importantly, the vast majority of ARGs and MGEs were no longer detectable in marine waters at the ocean entrance. Our work provides information on the impact of different influents on river health as well as sheds light on how land use contributes to the river resistome and microbiome.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.2c01570